Panel and add-ons at a glance

PhenoAge is a score published in 2018 by Morgan Levine and colleagues that derives a calculated biological age from nine routine values:…

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) measures the number of atherogenic cholesterol-carrying particles in the blood.

HDL cholesterol measures the amount of cholesterol carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in the blood.

LDL cholesterol measures the amount of cholesterol carried by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles in the blood.

Non-HDL cholesterol is calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol.

Total cholesterol measures the overall amount of cholesterol in the blood.

Triglycerides measure the amount of fat (lipids) circulating in the blood.

Remnant cholesterol is the cholesterol carried in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their breakdown products, that is VLDL, IDL and…

The triglyceride/cholesterol ratio is calculated by dividing the triglyceride concentration by total cholesterol.

This ratio relates gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) , a liver enzyme that also reflects oxidative stress , to HDL cholesterol, which has…

The uric acid/HDL ratio (UHR) connects uric acid , an end product of purine metabolism associated with oxidative stress and inflammation , …

The atherogenic coefficient is calculated as (total cholesterol − HDL) / HDL and equals the ratio of all “non-protective” cholesterol (all…

AIP is a calculated index expressed as the logarithm (log) of the ratio of fasting triglycerides to HDL cholesterol.

The LDL/HDL ratio divides LDL cholesterol (the primary atherogenic, or artery-narrowing, lipoprotein fraction) by HDL cholesterol (the…

Because each LDL particle carries exactly one molecule of apolipoprotein B, the ratio of LDL cholesterol to ApoB estimates how much…

The NHR relates neutrophil granulocytes , key cells of the acute, non-specific immune response , to HDL cholesterol with its…

This ratio describes the average triglyceride content per ApoB particle and therefore sheds light on lipoprotein composition , how…

The TG:HDL ratio divides fasting triglycerides by HDL cholesterol.

The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) combines fasting triglycerides and glucose in a logarithmic formula to estimate insulin resistance…

The ratio relates high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) , a sensitive marker of low-grade inflammation , to anti-inflammatory HDL…

The total cholesterol to HDL ratio divides total cholesterol by HDL cholesterol, setting all the cholesterol circulating in the blood…

Fasting glucose measures the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood after an overnight fast, typically of at least 8 hours.

Estimated average glucose (eAG) is a mathematical conversion of the HbA1c percentage into average blood glucose units (mg/dL or mmol/L), …

Your average blood sugar over the last two to three months, a longer-term view than a single reading. It's the standard way to catch blood sugar drifting up early.

METS-IR stands for Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance. It estimates insulin sensitivity from fasting glucose, triglycerides, HDL…

SPISE stands for Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator. It estimates insulin sensitivity from three values out of a single blood…

The ratio connects ferritin , a storage marker that is also an inflammation marker (positive acute-phase protein) , with albumin, which…

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a laboratory measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase protein made mainly by…

The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) sets a positive acute-phase protein (hs-CRP, rises with inflammation) against a negative one…

This ratio relates two markers that both rise with inflammation: rapidly responding hs-CRP and more slowly responding ferritin.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and functions as the master regulator of the thyroid , it…

The Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculated ratio of total testosterone to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), multiplied by 100.

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein produced by the liver that binds tightly to testosterone and estradiol, keeping them…

Total testosterone measures all testosterone circulating in the blood, both the small free (unbound) fraction and the larger fractions bound…

Free testosterone by Vermeulen is calculated from total testosterone, SHBG and albumin. In blood, most testosterone is tightly bound to…

Cortisol is the adrenal hormone that makes energy available to the body and follows a fixed daily rhythm: highest in the morning, low towards the evening. It is measured in the morning because a value without a time of day cannot be interpreted.

Transferrin saturation (TSAT) expresses the percentage of transferrin iron-binding sites that are occupied by iron: TSAT (%) = (serum iron…

Ferritin is the body's primary iron-storage protein, found inside cells throughout the body , mainly in the liver, spleen and bone marrow…

Serum iron measures the concentration of iron currently circulating in the blood, bound to transferrin , the protein that ferries iron from…

Transferrin is the protein that carries iron around your blood, so it reflects how much iron-carrying room you have.

25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitamin D) is the main circulating and storage form of vitamin D and the best clinical measure of overall…

Vitamin B12 is needed for blood formation, nerve function and homocysteine metabolism. The total value determined here captures all B12…

Approximately 40-45% of calcium in the blood is bound to albumin and is not physiologically active.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body , an adult holds roughly 1, 000 grams of it, with 99% locked into the crystalline…

Phosphate is a central mineral for bone structure, energy metabolism (as a component of ATP), cell membranes and acid-base balance.

Potassium is the dominant positively charged ion (cation) inside cells , about 98% of the body's 3, 500 mg of potassium is intracellular, …

Sodium is the dominant positively charged ion in the extracellular fluid , the blood and the fluid bathing cells and its concentration…

Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells , in a healthy adult, roughly 41-53% in men and 36-46% in women.

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that fills red blood cells and does the actual work of oxygen transport , each molecule can carry…

MCH measures the average weight (mass) of haemoglobin contained in a single red blood cell, expressed in picograms (pg).

MCHC measures the average concentration of haemoglobin within red blood cells, expressed in g/dL.

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of a single red blood cell in femtoliters (fL) and it's the index that lets…

The Mentzer index is calculated by dividing mean red-cell volume (MCV) by red-cell count (RBC).

RDW-SD measures the spread of red-cell size (anisocytosis) as a standard deviation in femtoliters.

The RBC count measures the total number of red blood cells in a set volume of blood (typically reported as millions per microlitre or…

Red cell distribution width (RDW) measures variation in red blood cell size , how uniform or mixed the population is.

Basophils are the rarest white cells, involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Basophils are the least common circulating white blood cells, normally representing less than 1% of the WBC count and they are most…

Eosinophils are white cells most active in allergic responses and defence against parasites.

Eosinophils are white blood cells named for their striking affinity for eosin dye, which turns their granules a vivid orange-red under a…

Immature granulocytes are precursors of neutrophil granulocytes that normally mature in the bone marrow and are barely present in blood.

This value is the share of immature granulocytes among white blood cells.

Lymphocytes are the white cells behind your body's learned, memory-based immunity , the defence that recognises specific viruses and other…

Lymphocytes are the architects of the adaptive immune system , the branch that learns from experience and mounts targeted responses to…

Monocytes clear away debris and dead cells and help coordinate the rest of your immune response.

Monocytes are the blood's largest circulating white blood cells and they're best understood as precursors , they patrol the bloodstream…

Neutrophils lead your body's first response to bacterial and fungal infection.

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in circulation , typically 50-70% of the total WBC count and they are the immune…

The white blood cell count (WBC or leucocyte count) measures the total number of white blood cells per unit volume of blood, reported as…

The lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) is calculated by dividing the absolute lymphocyte count by the absolute monocyte count from a…

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count by the absolute lymphocyte count from a…

The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is calculated by dividing the absolute platelet count by the absolute lymphocyte count from a…

SII is a composite blood count index calculated as: SII = (neutrophil count × platelet count) ÷ lymphocyte count.

The MHR is calculated by dividing the absolute monocyte count by the HDL cholesterol level.

Mean platelet volume (MPV) reports the average size of platelets.

PDW measures the variation in platelet size within a blood sample, reported automatically alongside other platelet counts.

P-LCR is the share of particularly large platelets among all platelets.

Plateletcrit describes the volume fraction platelets occupy in whole blood , analogous to hematocrit for red cells.

Platelets (thrombocytes) are tiny, anucleate cell fragments shed into the blood from large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes, and…

APRI (AST to Platelet Ratio Index) is calculated from AST , relative to its upper reference limit and the platelet count.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme that lives mainly inside liver cells, where it plays a role in amino acid metabolism.

Albumin is the most abundant protein in the liquid part of your blood (plasma).

Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found mainly in liver and bile ducts as well as bone.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme present in multiple tissues , liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys and red blood cells , …

The ratio relates bilirubin , a breakdown product of the red blood pigment that the liver processes and excretes , to albumin, the main…

The De Ritis ratio is AST divided by ALT.

GPR (GGT to Platelet Ratio) combines gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) , a liver enzyme sensitive to cholestasis and oxidative stress , with…

GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) is an enzyme found in several tissues, but it is most commonly measured as part of liver and bile-duct…

Total bilirubin measures the overall amount of bilirubin in your blood (including both unconjugated and conjugated forms).

About half of blood calcium is bound to albumin; the rest is free (biologically active).

The FIB-4 index estimates the likelihood of advanced liver fibrosis from four values that are on hand anyway: age, AST, ALT and platelet…

The hepatic steatosis index estimates how likely fatty liver is. It combines the ALT to AST ratio with body mass index and additionally…

Creatinine is a normal waste product made when your muscles use energy.

Cystatin C is a small protein filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed without secretion; its blood level rises when kidney filtration…

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR (calculated)) is a number calculated from a blood test, most commonly creatinine and sometimes…

This is an estimated glomerular filtration rate derived from cystatin C-based equations (sometimes combined with creatinine).

Uric acid (also called serum urate) is a waste product formed when the body breaks down purines (natural chemicals from the body and from…

The combined eGFR estimates the filtration performance of the kidneys from creatinine and cystatin C together, using the 2021 CKD-EPI…

The IRF is the share of the youngest, most immature reticulocytes among newly formed red blood cells.

Ret-He measures the hemoglobin content of reticulocytes , the youngest red cells, only one to two days in circulation.

Reticulocytes are the youngest red blood cells that have just left the bone marrow and still contain RNA remnants.

The reticulocyte percentage is the share of the youngest red cells among all erythrocytes.

Creatine kinase is an enzyme that supplies energy in skeletal muscle, heart muscle and brain by converting creatine phosphate and ADP into…

The urea (BUN) to creatinine ratio links two kidney-related values of different origin: urea arises in protein metabolism and is strongly…

Urea (blood urea nitrogen reported differently by region) is a nitrogen-containing waste product from protein metabolism, cleared by the…

Free thyroxine (fT4) is the unbound, biologically available fraction of the thyroid hormone T4.

Free T3 (fT3) is the unbound, metabolically active fraction of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine , the form that exerts the main…

The ratio of luteinizing hormone (LH) to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) describes the balance of these two pituitary hormones that…

Estradiol (E2) is the most potent naturally occurring estrogen and the dominant form of estrogen in reproductive-age women, produced…

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is the pituitary gonadotropin that drives the initial stages of sex cell maturation in both sexes , in…

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a gonadotropin produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland and its release is triggered by pulses of…

DHEA-S is produced in the same adrenal cortex as cortisol and is its counterpart on that axis: cortisol mobilises, DHEA-S is the reserve the body draws on while it does. Only together do the two values show the state of that stress reserve — and DHEA-S declines with age.

A saturated fatty acid with fourteen carbon atoms, taken in mainly through milk fat and coconut fat. In the fatty acid profile it stands for the shorter-chain share of the saturated fats.

The most common saturated fatty acid in the human body. It comes from food and is at the same time produced in the liver, which is why its value does not show diet alone.

A long-chain saturated fatty acid from animal fats and cocoa butter. The body converts part of it into oleic acid.

A very long-chain saturated fatty acid found in small amounts in peanut and rapeseed oil. It completes the picture of the saturated fraction.

A very long-chain saturated fatty acid from vegetable oils. It is measured because, together with nervonic acid, it describes how the long-chain fats are composed.

A monounsaturated fatty acid the body forms from palmitic acid. Its share therefore depends heavily on your own metabolism rather than on food.

The most common monounsaturated fatty acid, familiar from olive oil. It is the single largest item in most people's fatty acid profile.

A very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid. It is a building block of the myelin sheaths that surround nerve fibres.

The plant-based omega-3 fatty acid from linseed, rapeseed and walnut oil. The body can convert it into EPA and DHA, but only to a small extent.

One of the two long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, taken in mainly through oily sea fish. From it the body forms messengers that counteract those formed from arachidonic acid.

The second long-chain omega-3 fatty acid. It is part of the cell membranes and is particularly abundant in the brain and the retina.

The most common omega-6 fatty acid and essential for humans — the body cannot make it itself. It comes mainly from vegetable oils.

An omega-6 fatty acid the body forms from linoleic acid. It is the intermediate step on the way to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid.

The next step in the omega-6 chain after gamma-linolenic acid. Its relation to arachidonic acid shows how the body processes that chain further.

The long-chain omega-6 fatty acid at the end of that chain. It is the starting material for messengers that regulate inflammatory processes in the body.

The share of EPA and DHA among all fatty acids in the red blood cells, given as a percentage. Because the cell membrane renews slowly, the index reflects the past three to four months rather than the last meal.

Sets the sum of the omega-6 fatty acids against the sum of the omega-3 fatty acids. The ratio describes the balance between the two families, which shifts with diet.

The ratio of arachidonic acid to EPA — the two fatty acids from which the body forms messengers that act in opposite directions.

The ratio of the two long-chain omega-3 fatty acids to each other. It shows how the omega-3 share is composed, not only how large it is.

Sets the saturated fatty acids against the sum of the unsaturated ones, summing up the composition of the whole profile in a single figure.