Panel and add-ons at a glance

Total cholesterol measures the overall amount of cholesterol in the blood.

LDL cholesterol measures the amount of cholesterol carried by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles in the blood.

HDL cholesterol measures the amount of cholesterol carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in the blood.

Triglycerides measure the amount of fat (lipids) circulating in the blood.

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) measures the number of atherogenic cholesterol-carrying particles in the blood.

Non-HDL cholesterol is calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol.

Remnant cholesterol is the cholesterol carried in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their breakdown products, that is VLDL, IDL and…

VLDL stands for very low density lipoprotein. These particles carry mainly triglycerides from the liver into tissue. The value on a report…

The TG:HDL ratio divides fasting triglycerides by HDL cholesterol.

AIP is a calculated index expressed as the logarithm (log) of the ratio of fasting triglycerides to HDL cholesterol.

The atherogenic coefficient is calculated as (total cholesterol − HDL) / HDL and equals the ratio of all “non-protective” cholesterol (all…

The total cholesterol to HDL ratio divides total cholesterol by HDL cholesterol, setting all the cholesterol circulating in the blood…

Because each LDL particle carries exactly one molecule of apolipoprotein B, the ratio of LDL cholesterol to ApoB estimates how much…

This ratio describes the average triglyceride content per ApoB particle and therefore sheds light on lipoprotein composition , how…

The triglyceride/cholesterol ratio is calculated by dividing the triglyceride concentration by total cholesterol.

The NHR relates neutrophil granulocytes , key cells of the acute, non-specific immune response , to HDL cholesterol with its…

The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) combines fasting triglycerides and glucose in a logarithmic formula to estimate insulin resistance…

This ratio relates gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) , a liver enzyme that also reflects oxidative stress , to HDL cholesterol, which has…

The uric acid/HDL ratio (UHR) connects uric acid , an end product of purine metabolism associated with oxidative stress and inflammation , …

The ratio relates high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) , a sensitive marker of low-grade inflammation , to anti-inflammatory HDL…

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose by enabling glucose to enter cells for energy use or…

HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) is a mathematical index calculated from a single set of fasting glucose and…

Fasting glucose measures the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood after an overnight fast, typically of at least 8 hours.

Your average blood sugar over the last two to three months, a longer-term view than a single reading. It's the standard way to catch blood sugar drifting up early.

Estimated average glucose (eAG) is a mathematical conversion of the HbA1c percentage into average blood glucose units (mg/dL or mmol/L), …

METS-IR stands for Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance. It estimates insulin sensitivity from fasting glucose, triglycerides, HDL…

SPISE stands for Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator. It estimates insulin sensitivity from three values out of a single blood…

HOMA-Beta estimates from fasting insulin and fasting glucose how much insulin the pancreatic beta cells still supply. It is the counterpart…

QUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) is a mathematical index calculated from fasting insulin and fasting glucose: QUICKI =…

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a laboratory measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase protein made mainly by…

The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) sets a positive acute-phase protein (hs-CRP, rises with inflammation) against a negative one…

This ratio relates two markers that both rise with inflammation: rapidly responding hs-CRP and more slowly responding ferritin.

The ratio connects ferritin , a storage marker that is also an inflammation marker (positive acute-phase protein) , with albumin, which…

PhenoAge is a score published in 2018 by Morgan Levine and colleagues that derives a calculated biological age from nine routine values:…

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and functions as the master regulator of the thyroid , it…

Cortisol is the adrenal gland's main stress hormone. It follows a daily rhythm: highest shortly after waking, falling through the day,…

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein produced by the liver that binds tightly to testosterone and estradiol, keeping them…

Total testosterone measures all testosterone circulating in the blood, both the small free (unbound) fraction and the larger fractions bound…

Free testosterone by Vermeulen is calculated from total testosterone, SHBG and albumin. In blood, most testosterone is tightly bound to…

The Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculated ratio of total testosterone to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), multiplied by 100.

Sodium is the dominant positively charged ion in the extracellular fluid , the blood and the fluid bathing cells and its concentration…

Potassium is the dominant positively charged ion (cation) inside cells , about 98% of the body's 3, 500 mg of potassium is intracellular, …

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body , an adult holds roughly 1, 000 grams of it, with 99% locked into the crystalline…

Phosphate is a central mineral for bone structure, energy metabolism (as a component of ATP), cell membranes and acid-base balance.

Approximately 40-45% of calcium in the blood is bound to albumin and is not physiologically active.

The calcium-phosphate product is calcium multiplied by phosphate in serum. It describes how much of the two is circulating together — a…

Ferritin is the body's primary iron-storage protein, found inside cells throughout the body , mainly in the liver, spleen and bone marrow…

Serum iron measures the concentration of iron currently circulating in the blood, bound to transferrin , the protein that ferries iron from…

Transferrin is the protein that carries iron around your blood, so it reflects how much iron-carrying room you have.

Transferrin saturation (TSAT) expresses the percentage of transferrin iron-binding sites that are occupied by iron: TSAT (%) = (serum iron…

25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitamin D) is the main circulating and storage form of vitamin D and the best clinical measure of overall…

Vitamin B12 is needed for blood formation, nerve function and homocysteine metabolism. The total value determined here captures all B12…

Folate is a B vitamin the body needs for cell division and for building DNA. It is measured in serum, where the value reflects intake over…

The white blood cell count (WBC or leucocyte count) measures the total number of white blood cells per unit volume of blood, reported as…

Neutrophils lead your body's first response to bacterial and fungal infection.

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in circulation , typically 50-70% of the total WBC count and they are the immune…

Lymphocytes are the white cells behind your body's learned, memory-based immunity , the defence that recognises specific viruses and other…

Lymphocytes are the architects of the adaptive immune system , the branch that learns from experience and mounts targeted responses to…

Monocytes clear away debris and dead cells and help coordinate the rest of your immune response.

Monocytes are the blood's largest circulating white blood cells and they're best understood as precursors , they patrol the bloodstream…

Eosinophils are white cells most active in allergic responses and defence against parasites.

Eosinophils are white blood cells named for their striking affinity for eosin dye, which turns their granules a vivid orange-red under a…

Basophils are the rarest white cells, involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Basophils are the least common circulating white blood cells, normally representing less than 1% of the WBC count and they are most…

The RBC count measures the total number of red blood cells in a set volume of blood (typically reported as millions per microlitre or…

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that fills red blood cells and does the actual work of oxygen transport , each molecule can carry…

Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells , in a healthy adult, roughly 41-53% in men and 36-46% in women.

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of a single red blood cell in femtoliters (fL) and it's the index that lets…

MCH measures the average weight (mass) of haemoglobin contained in a single red blood cell, expressed in picograms (pg).

MCHC measures the average concentration of haemoglobin within red blood cells, expressed in g/dL.

Red cell distribution width (RDW) measures variation in red blood cell size , how uniform or mixed the population is.

The Mentzer index is calculated by dividing mean red-cell volume (MCV) by red-cell count (RBC).

Platelets (thrombocytes) are tiny, anucleate cell fragments shed into the blood from large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes, and…

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count by the absolute lymphocyte count from a…

The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is calculated by dividing the absolute platelet count by the absolute lymphocyte count from a…

The lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) is calculated by dividing the absolute lymphocyte count by the absolute monocyte count from a…

SII is a composite blood count index calculated as: SII = (neutrophil count × platelet count) ÷ lymphocyte count.

The MHR is calculated by dividing the absolute monocyte count by the HDL cholesterol level.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme that lives mainly inside liver cells, where it plays a role in amino acid metabolism.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme present in multiple tissues , liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys and red blood cells , …

GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) is an enzyme found in several tissues, but it is most commonly measured as part of liver and bile-duct…

Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found mainly in liver and bile ducts as well as bone.

Total bilirubin measures the overall amount of bilirubin in your blood (including both unconjugated and conjugated forms).

Albumin is the most abundant protein in the liquid part of your blood (plasma).

Total protein sums up all proteins in blood serum, essentially albumin and the globulins. Together with measured albumin it yields globulin…

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found inside virtually every cell of the body, heart, liver, muscle, kidneys, red blood cells, and…

The FIB-4 index estimates the likelihood of advanced liver fibrosis from four values that are on hand anyway: age, AST, ALT and platelet…

APRI (AST to Platelet Ratio Index) is calculated from AST , relative to its upper reference limit and the platelet count.

The De Ritis ratio is AST divided by ALT.

GPR (GGT to Platelet Ratio) combines gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) , a liver enzyme sensitive to cholestasis and oxidative stress , with…

The hepatic steatosis index estimates how likely fatty liver is. It combines the ALT to AST ratio with body mass index and additionally…

The ratio relates bilirubin , a breakdown product of the red blood pigment that the liver processes and excretes , to albumin, the main…

About half of blood calcium is bound to albumin; the rest is free (biologically active).

Globulin is not measured directly but calculated as total protein minus albumin.

The A/G ratio is calculated by dividing the albumin level by the globulin fraction (total protein minus albumin).

Creatinine is a normal waste product made when your muscles use energy.

Cystatin C is a small protein filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed without secretion; its blood level rises when kidney filtration…

Uric acid (also called serum urate) is a waste product formed when the body breaks down purines (natural chemicals from the body and from…

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR (calculated)) is a number calculated from a blood test, most commonly creatinine and sometimes…

This is an estimated glomerular filtration rate derived from cystatin C-based equations (sometimes combined with creatinine).

The combined eGFR estimates the filtration performance of the kidneys from creatinine and cystatin C together, using the 2021 CKD-EPI…

The reticulocyte percentage is the share of the youngest red cells among all erythrocytes.

Reticulocytes are the youngest red blood cells that have just left the bone marrow and still contain RNA remnants.

The reticulocyte production index corrects the count of young red blood cells for haematocrit and for the time they need to mature. It…

Ret-He measures the hemoglobin content of reticulocytes , the youngest red cells, only one to two days in circulation.

The soluble transferrin receptor is a fragment of the iron-uptake receptor that cells shed into the blood. The hungrier the blood-forming…

The ferritin index puts the soluble transferrin receptor in relation to the logarithm of ferritin, combining two values that respond…

Creatine kinase is an enzyme that supplies energy in skeletal muscle, heart muscle and brain by converting creatine phosphate and ADP into…

Urea (blood urea nitrogen reported differently by region) is a nitrogen-containing waste product from protein metabolism, cleared by the…

The urea (BUN) to creatinine ratio links two kidney-related values of different origin: urea arises in protein metabolism and is strongly…

Zinc is a trace element and a component of several hundred enzymes. It is measured here in whole blood, which includes the zinc inside…

Selenium is a trace element the body needs for the glutathione peroxidases — enzymes that protect cells from oxidative stress — and for…

Copper is a trace element involved in iron handling, in building connective tissue and in energy production in the mitochondria. It is…

Magnesium takes part in more than three hundred enzymatic reactions, including every one that uses ATP. Only about one percent of the…

Manganese is a trace element used in enzymes for bone formation, carbohydrate metabolism and protecting mitochondria from oxidative stress.…

Sodium is the dominant ion outside cells and helps determine how much water the body holds. Here it is measured in whole blood, alongside…

Around 98 percent of the body's potassium sits inside cells. The whole-blood value captures that share, whereas serum potassium shows only…

Calcium in whole blood adds the share bound inside cells to serum calcium. In serum, the body holds calcium within a very narrow range via…

Lead is a heavy metal with no function in the body. It is measured in whole blood because it binds almost entirely to red blood cells; the…

Mercury is a heavy metal with no function in the body. Measured in whole blood, the value mainly reflects intake over recent weeks; by far…

Free T3 (fT3) is the unbound, metabolically active fraction of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine , the form that exerts the main…

Free thyroxine (fT4) is the unbound, biologically available fraction of the thyroid hormone T4.

Estradiol (E2) is the most potent naturally occurring estrogen and the dominant form of estrogen in reproductive-age women, produced…

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a gonadotropin produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland and its release is triggered by pulses of…

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is the pituitary gonadotropin that drives the initial stages of sex cell maturation in both sexes , in…

Prolactin is a pituitary hormone. It is known for milk production, but it acts in both sexes and feeds into the control of the sex…

The ratio of luteinizing hormone (LH) to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) describes the balance of these two pituitary hormones that…

The ratio places total testosterone against oestradiol. The two hormones are linked: testosterone is converted into oestradiol by the…

DHEA-S is the storage form of dehydroepiandrosterone, the most abundant hormone of the adrenal cortex. From it the body builds precursors…

Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), is an LDL-like particle carrying an extra protein, apolipoprotein(a). Its concentration is more than ninety…

The omega-3 index states what share EPA and DHA make up of total fatty acids. It is determined here from serum and condenses the sixteen…

The ratio places arachidonic acid against eicosapentaenoic acid — the pro-inflammatory omega-6 pathway against the inflammation-resolving…

The ratio describes how the two long-chain omega-3 fatty acids relate to each other, and in doing so says something about the source of…

The ratio sets the sum of omega-6 fatty acids against the sum of omega-3 fatty acids. In Western diets it often sits well above what is…

The ratio sets the sum of saturated fatty acids against the sum of unsaturated ones, condensing the fat pattern into a single number. Why…

EPA is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid. The body can make it from plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid only to a very small degree;…

DHA is the longest of the omega-3 fatty acids and a building material rather than a fuel: it sits in large amounts in the membranes of…

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is the plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid, found above all in linseed, rapeseed and walnut oil. It is essential:…

Arachidonic acid (AA) is the principal long-chain omega-6 fatty acid. It comes from animal foods and is additionally formed from the…

Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) is an omega-6 fatty acid and the direct intermediate between gamma-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid.…

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is an omega-6 fatty acid the body makes from linoleic acid. It occurs in appreciable amounts in only a few oils,…

Linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant omega-6 fatty acid and, like ALA, essential. It is found in sunflower, corn and soybean oil, and…

Myristic acid is a saturated fatty acid with fourteen carbon atoms. It comes above all from milk fat and from coconut and palm kernel oil.…

Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid in the human body. It occurs in meat, dairy and palm oil — and it is the fatty acid…

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with eighteen carbon atoms, plentiful in beef and in cocoa butter. Why it matters. Stearic acid…

Arachidic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid with twenty carbon atoms. It occurs only in small amounts, for instance in peanut and…

Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acid with twenty-two carbon atoms, found among other places in peanut and rapeseed oil. Why it matters.…

Palmitoleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-7 fatty acid. The body makes it from palmitic acid, via the same enzyme that converts stearic…

Oleic acid is the most common monounsaturated fatty acid and the main component of olive oil. It is not essential: the body can make it…

Nervonic acid is a very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid. It owes its name to being a component of myelin, the insulating layer around…