Our Biomarkers

Over 100 biomarkers across six health areas — discover what NOA measures and why it matters.

Apolipoprotein BMeasuredApolipoprotein B (ApoB) measures the number of atherogenic cholesterol-carrying particles in the blood.

HDL CholesterolMeasuredHDL cholesterol measures the amount of cholesterol carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in the blood.

LDL CholesterolMeasuredLDL cholesterol measures the amount of cholesterol carried by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles in the blood.

Non-HDL CholesterolDerivedNon-HDL cholesterol is calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol.

Total CholesterolMeasuredTotal cholesterol measures the overall amount of cholesterol in the blood.

TriglyceridesMeasuredTriglycerides measure the amount of fat (lipids) circulating in the blood.

Triglyceride/Cholesterol RatioDerivedThe triglyceride/cholesterol ratio is calculated by dividing the triglyceride concentration by total cholesterol.

GGT / HDL Cholesterol RatioDerivedThis ratio relates gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) â a liver enzyme that also reflects oxidative stress â to HDL cholesterol, which hasâ¦

Uric Acid / HDL Cholesterol RatioDerivedThe uric acid/HDL ratio (UHR) connects uric acid â an end product of purine metabolism associated with oxidative stress and inflammation ââ¦

Atherogenic CoefficientDerivedThe atherogenic coefficient is calculated as (total cholesterol â HDL) / HDL and equals the ratio of all ânon-protectiveâ cholesterol (allâ¦

Atherogenic IndexDerivedAIP is a calculated index expressed as the logarithm (log) of the ratio of fasting triglycerides to HDL cholesterol.

LDL / HDL RatioDerivedThe LDL/HDL ratio divides LDL cholesterol (the primary atherogenic, or artery-narrowing, lipoprotein fraction) by HDL cholesterol (theâ¦

LDL Cholesterol / Apolipoprotein B RatioDerivedBecause each LDL particle carries exactly one molecule of apolipoprotein B, the ratio of LDL cholesterol to ApoB estimates how muchâ¦

Neutrophils / HDL Ratio (NHR)DerivedThe NHR relates neutrophil granulocytes â key cells of the acute, non-specific immune response â to HDL cholesterol with itsâ¦

Triglyceride / Apolipoprotein B RatioDerivedThis ratio describes the average triglyceride content per ApoB particle and therefore sheds light on lipoprotein composition â howâ¦

Triglyceride/HDL RatioDerivedThe TG:HDL ratio divides fasting triglycerides by HDL cholesterol.

TyGDerivedThe triglycerideâglucose index (TyG) combines fasting triglycerides and glucose in a logarithmic formula to estimate insulin resistanceâ¦

hs-CRP / HDL RatioDerivedThe ratio relates high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) â a sensitive marker of low-grade inflammation â to anti-inflammatory HDLâ¦

GlucoseMeasuredFasting glucose measures the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood after an overnight fast, typically of at least 8 hours.

Glucose, estimated average (eAG)DerivedEstimated average glucose (eAG) is a mathematical conversion of the HbA1c percentage into average blood glucose units (mg/dL or mmol/L),â¦

HOMA-IRDerivedHOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) is a mathematical index calculated from a single set of fasting glucose andâ¦

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)MeasuredWhen blood sugar stays elevated over time, glucose molecules slowly and irreversibly bind to hemoglobin inside red blood cells through aâ¦

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), %MeasuredGlycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) forms when glucose binds persistently to the red blood pigment.

InsulinMeasuredInsulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose by enabling glucose to enter cells for energy use orâ¦

Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI)DerivedQUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) is a mathematical index calculated from fasting insulin and fasting glucose: QUICKI =â¦

Ferritin / Albumin RatioDerivedThe ratio connects ferritin â a storage marker that is also an inflammation marker (positive acute-phase protein) â with albumin, whichâ¦

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)MeasuredHigh-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a laboratory measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase protein made mainly byâ¦

hs-CRP / Albumin Ratio (CAR)DerivedThe C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) sets a positive acute-phase protein (hs-CRP, rises with inflammation) against a negative oneâ¦

hs-CRP / Ferritin RatioDerivedThis ratio relates two markers that both rise with inflammation: rapidly responding hs-CRP and more slowly responding ferritin.

Free Thyroxine (Free T4)MeasuredFree thyroxine (fT4) is the unbound, biologically available fraction of the thyroid hormone T4.

Free Triiodothyronine (Free T3)MeasuredFree T3 (fT3) is the unbound, metabolically active fraction of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine â the form that exerts the mainâ¦

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)MeasuredThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and functions as the master regulator of the thyroid â itâ¦

LH/FSH ratioDerivedThe ratio of luteinizing hormone (LH) to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) describes the balance of these two pituitary hormones thatâ¦

Estradiol (E2)MeasuredEstradiol (E2) is the most potent naturally occurring estrogen and the dominant form of estrogen in reproductive-age women, producedâ¦

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)MeasuredFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is the pituitary gonadotropin that drives the initial stages of sex cell maturation in both sexes â inâ¦

Free Testosterone Index (FTI)DerivedThe Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculated ratio of total testosterone to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), multiplied by 100.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)MeasuredLuteinizing hormone (LH) is a gonadotropin produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, and its release is triggered by pulses ofâ¦

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)MeasuredSex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein produced by the liver that binds tightly to testosterone and estradiol, keeping themâ¦

Total TestosteroneMeasuredTotal testosterone measures all testosterone circulating in the bloodâboth the small free (unbound) fraction and the larger fractions boundâ¦

Transferrin (Iron) SaturationDerivedTransferrin saturation (TSAT) expresses the percentage of transferrin iron-binding sites that are occupied by iron: TSAT (%) = (serum ironâ¦

FerritinMeasuredFerritin is the body's primary iron-storage protein, found inside cells throughout the body â mainly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrowâ¦

IronMeasuredSerum iron measures the concentration of iron currently circulating in the blood, bound to transferrin â the protein that ferries iron fromâ¦

TransferrinMeasuredTransferrin is the protein that carries iron around your blood, so it reflects how much iron-carrying room you have.

Holotranscobalamin (HoloTC)MeasuredThis measures the active, deliverable part of your vitamin B12, the fraction your cells can actually take up and use.

Vitamin DMeasured25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitamin D) is the main circulating and storage form of vitamin D and the best clinical measure of overallâ¦

Albumin-corrected CalciumDerivedApproximately 40â45% of calcium in the blood is bound to albumin and is not physiologically active.

CalciumMeasuredCalcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body â an adult holds roughly 1,000 grams of it, with 99% locked into the crystallineâ¦

PhosphorusMeasuredPhosphate is a central mineral for bone structure, energy metabolism (as a component of ATP), cell membranes, and acidâbase balance.

PotassiumMeasuredPotassium is the dominant positively charged ion (cation) inside cells â about 98% of the body's 3,500 mg of potassium is intracellular,â¦

SodiumMeasuredSodium is the dominant positively charged ion in the extracellular fluid â the blood and the fluid bathing cells â and its concentrationâ¦

Sodium/Potassium RatioDerived

Haptoglobin, serumMeasuredHaptoglobin is a liver-produced protein that binds free hemoglobin as soon as red blood cells break down, so that free hemoglobin does notâ¦

HematocritMeasuredHematocrit is the percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells â in a healthy adult, roughly 41â53% in men and 36â46% in women.

HemoglobinMeasuredHemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that fills red blood cells and does the actual work of oxygen transport â each molecule can carryâ¦

Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF), %MeasuredThe IRF is the share of the youngest, most immature reticulocytes among newly formed red blood cells.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)MeasuredMCH measures the average weight (mass) of haemoglobin contained in a single red blood cell, expressed in picograms (pg).

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)MeasuredMCHC measures the average concentration of haemoglobin within red blood cells, expressed in g/dL.

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)MeasuredMean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of a single red blood cell in femtoliters (fL), and it's the index that letsâ¦

Mentzer IndexDerivedThe Mentzer index is calculated by dividing mean red-cell volume (MCV) by red-cell count (RBC).

RDW-SDMeasuredRDW-SD measures the spread of red-cell size (anisocytosis) as a standard deviation in femtoliters.

Red Blood Cells (RBC)MeasuredThe RBC count measures the total number of red blood cells in a set volume of blood (typically reported as millions per microlitre orâ¦

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)MeasuredRed cell distribution width (RDW) measures variation in red blood cell size â how uniform or mixed the population is.

Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He)MeasuredRet-He measures the hemoglobin content of reticulocytes â the youngest red cells, only one to two days in circulation.

ReticulocytesMeasuredReticulocytes are the youngest red blood cells that have just left the bone marrow and still contain RNA remnants.

Reticulocytes %MeasuredThe reticulocyte percentage is the share of the youngest red cells among all erythrocytes.

BasophilsMeasuredBasophils are the rarest white cells, involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Basophils (%)MeasuredBasophils are the least common circulating white blood cells, normally representing less than 1% of the WBC count, and they are mostâ¦

EosinophilsMeasuredEosinophils are white cells most active in allergic responses and defence against parasites.

Eosinophils (%)MeasuredEosinophils are white blood cells named for their striking affinity for eosin dye, which turns their granules a vivid orange-red under aâ¦

Immature GranulocytesMeasuredImmature granulocytes are precursors of neutrophil granulocytes that normally mature in the bone marrow and are barely present in blood.

Immature Granulocytes %MeasuredThis value is the share of immature granulocytes among white blood cells.

LymphocytesMeasuredLymphocytes are the white cells behind your body's learned, memory-based immunity â the defence that recognises specific viruses and otherâ¦

Lymphocytes (%)MeasuredLymphocytes are the architects of the adaptive immune system â the branch that learns from experience and mounts targeted responses toâ¦

MonocytesMeasuredMonocytes clear away debris and dead cells and help coordinate the rest of your immune response.

Monocytes (%)MeasuredMonocytes are the blood's largest circulating white blood cells, and they're best understood as precursors â they patrol the bloodstreamâ¦

NeutrophilsMeasuredNeutrophils lead your body's first response to bacterial and fungal infection.

Neutrophils (%)MeasuredNeutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in circulation â typically 50â70% of the total WBC count â and they are the immuneâ¦

White Blood Cells (WBC)MeasuredThe white blood cell count (WBC or leucocyte count) measures the total number of white blood cells per unit volume of blood, reported asâ¦

Monocytes/Lymphocytes Ratio (MLR)DerivedThe lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) is calculated by dividing the absolute lymphocyte count by the absolute monocyte count from aâ¦

Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)DerivedThe neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count by the absolute lymphocyte count from aâ¦

Platelets/Lymphocytes Ratio (PLR)DerivedThe platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is calculated by dividing the absolute platelet count by the absolute lymphocyte count from aâ¦

Systemic Immune-Inflammation IndexDerivedSII is a composite blood count index calculated as: SII = (neutrophil count Ã platelet count) Ã· lymphocyte count.

Monocyte / HDL Cholesterol Ratio (MHR)DerivedThe MHR is calculated by dividing the absolute monocyte count by the HDL cholesterol level.

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)MeasuredMean platelet volume (MPV) reports the average size of platelets.

PDW-SDMeasuredPDW measures the variation in platelet size within a blood sample, reported automatically alongside other platelet counts.

Platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR), %MeasuredP-LCR is the share of particularly large platelets among all platelets.

Plateletcrit (PCT)MeasuredPlateletcrit describes the volume fraction platelets occupy in whole blood â analogous to hematocrit for red cells.

PlateletsMeasuredPlatelets (thrombocytes) are tiny, anucleate cell fragments shed into the blood from large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes, andâ¦

ALT/AST RatioDerivedThe ALT/AST ratio relates the two main liver enzymes: ALT (GPT), which is relatively liver-specific, and AST (GOT), which also occurs inâ¦

APRI testDerivedAPRI (AST to Platelet Ratio Index) is calculated from AST â relative to its upper reference limit â and the platelet count.

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)MeasuredAlanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme that lives mainly inside liver cells, where it plays a role in amino acid metabolism.

AlbuminMeasuredAlbumin is the most abundant protein in the liquid part of your blood (plasma).

Albumin/Globulin RatioDerivedThe A/G ratio is calculated by dividing the albumin level by the globulin fraction (total protein minus albumin).

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)MeasuredAlkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found mainly in liver and bile ducts as well as bone.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)MeasuredAspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme present in multiple tissues â liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and red blood cells ââ¦

Bilirubin / Albumin RatioDerivedThe ratio relates bilirubin â a breakdown product of the red blood pigment that the liver processes and excretes â to albumin, the mainâ¦

De Ritis ratioDerivedThe De Ritis ratio is AST divided by ALT.

GGT-to-Platelet Ratio (GPR)DerivedGPR (GGT to Platelet Ratio) combines gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) â a liver enzyme sensitive to cholestasis and oxidative stress â withâ¦

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)MeasuredGGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) is an enzyme found in several tissues, but it is most commonly measured as part of liver and bile-ductâ¦

GlobulinMeasuredGlobulin is not measured directly but calculated as total protein minus albumin.

Total BilirubinMeasuredTotal bilirubin measures the overall amount of bilirubin in your blood (including both unconjugated and conjugated forms).

Total ProteinMeasuredTotal protein measures the total amount of protein in the fluid part of your blood (serum).

Calcium/Albumin RatioDerivedAbout half of blood calcium is bound to albumin; the rest is free (biologically active).

Lactate DehydrogenaseMeasuredLactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found inside virtually every cell of the bodyâheart, liver, muscle, kidneys, red blood cells, andâ¦

CreatinineMeasuredCreatinine is a normal waste product made when your muscles use energy.

Cystatin CMeasuredCystatin C is a small protein filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed without secretion; its blood level rises when kidney filtrationâ¦

Urea/Creatinine RatioDerivedThe urea (BUN) to creatinine ratio links two kidney-related values of different origin: urea arises in protein metabolism and is stronglyâ¦

eGFR (Creatinine)DerivedEstimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR (calculated)) is a number calculated from a blood testâmost commonly creatinine, and sometimesâ¦

eGFR (Cystatin C)DerivedThis is an estimated glomerular filtration rate derived from cystatin Câbased equations (sometimes combined with creatinine).

UreaMeasuredUrea (blood urea nitrogen reported differently by region) is a nitrogen-containing waste product from protein metabolism, cleared by theâ¦

Uric AcidMeasuredUric acid (also called serum urate) is a waste product formed when the body breaks down purines (natural chemicals from the body and fromâ¦

LipaseMeasuredLipase is a pancreatic enzyme that digests fats; serum lipase rises with acute pancreatitis and sometimes with other abdominalâ¦

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Apolipoprotein BMeasuredApolipoprotein B (ApoB) measures the number of atherogenic cholesterol-carrying particles in the blood.

HDL CholesterolMeasuredHDL cholesterol measures the amount of cholesterol carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in the blood.

LDL CholesterolMeasuredLDL cholesterol measures the amount of cholesterol carried by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles in the blood.

Non-HDL CholesterolDerivedNon-HDL cholesterol is calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol.

Total CholesterolMeasuredTotal cholesterol measures the overall amount of cholesterol in the blood.

TriglyceridesMeasuredTriglycerides measure the amount of fat (lipids) circulating in the blood.

Triglyceride/Cholesterol RatioDerivedThe triglyceride/cholesterol ratio is calculated by dividing the triglyceride concentration by total cholesterol.

GGT / HDL Cholesterol RatioDerivedThis ratio relates gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) â a liver enzyme that also reflects oxidative stress â to HDL cholesterol, which hasâ¦

Uric Acid / HDL Cholesterol RatioDerivedThe uric acid/HDL ratio (UHR) connects uric acid â an end product of purine metabolism associated with oxidative stress and inflammation ââ¦

Atherogenic CoefficientDerivedThe atherogenic coefficient is calculated as (total cholesterol â HDL) / HDL and equals the ratio of all ânon-protectiveâ cholesterol (allâ¦

Atherogenic IndexDerivedAIP is a calculated index expressed as the logarithm (log) of the ratio of fasting triglycerides to HDL cholesterol.

LDL / HDL RatioDerivedThe LDL/HDL ratio divides LDL cholesterol (the primary atherogenic, or artery-narrowing, lipoprotein fraction) by HDL cholesterol (theâ¦

LDL Cholesterol / Apolipoprotein B RatioDerivedBecause each LDL particle carries exactly one molecule of apolipoprotein B, the ratio of LDL cholesterol to ApoB estimates how muchâ¦

Neutrophils / HDL Ratio (NHR)DerivedThe NHR relates neutrophil granulocytes â key cells of the acute, non-specific immune response â to HDL cholesterol with itsâ¦

Triglyceride / Apolipoprotein B RatioDerivedThis ratio describes the average triglyceride content per ApoB particle and therefore sheds light on lipoprotein composition â howâ¦

Triglyceride/HDL RatioDerivedThe TG:HDL ratio divides fasting triglycerides by HDL cholesterol.

TyGDerivedThe triglycerideâglucose index (TyG) combines fasting triglycerides and glucose in a logarithmic formula to estimate insulin resistanceâ¦

hs-CRP / HDL RatioDerivedThe ratio relates high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) â a sensitive marker of low-grade inflammation â to anti-inflammatory HDLâ¦

GlucoseMeasuredFasting glucose measures the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood after an overnight fast, typically of at least 8 hours.

Glucose, estimated average (eAG)DerivedEstimated average glucose (eAG) is a mathematical conversion of the HbA1c percentage into average blood glucose units (mg/dL or mmol/L),â¦

HOMA-IRDerivedHOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) is a mathematical index calculated from a single set of fasting glucose andâ¦

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)MeasuredWhen blood sugar stays elevated over time, glucose molecules slowly and irreversibly bind to hemoglobin inside red blood cells through aâ¦

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), %MeasuredGlycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) forms when glucose binds persistently to the red blood pigment.

InsulinMeasuredInsulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose by enabling glucose to enter cells for energy use orâ¦

Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI)DerivedQUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) is a mathematical index calculated from fasting insulin and fasting glucose: QUICKI =â¦

Ferritin / Albumin RatioDerivedThe ratio connects ferritin â a storage marker that is also an inflammation marker (positive acute-phase protein) â with albumin, whichâ¦

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)MeasuredHigh-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a laboratory measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase protein made mainly byâ¦

hs-CRP / Albumin Ratio (CAR)DerivedThe C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) sets a positive acute-phase protein (hs-CRP, rises with inflammation) against a negative oneâ¦

hs-CRP / Ferritin RatioDerivedThis ratio relates two markers that both rise with inflammation: rapidly responding hs-CRP and more slowly responding ferritin.

Free Thyroxine (Free T4)MeasuredFree thyroxine (fT4) is the unbound, biologically available fraction of the thyroid hormone T4.

Free Triiodothyronine (Free T3)MeasuredFree T3 (fT3) is the unbound, metabolically active fraction of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine â the form that exerts the mainâ¦

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)MeasuredThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and functions as the master regulator of the thyroid â itâ¦

LH/FSH ratioDerivedThe ratio of luteinizing hormone (LH) to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) describes the balance of these two pituitary hormones thatâ¦

Estradiol (E2)MeasuredEstradiol (E2) is the most potent naturally occurring estrogen and the dominant form of estrogen in reproductive-age women, producedâ¦

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)MeasuredFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is the pituitary gonadotropin that drives the initial stages of sex cell maturation in both sexes â inâ¦

Free Testosterone Index (FTI)DerivedThe Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculated ratio of total testosterone to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), multiplied by 100.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)MeasuredLuteinizing hormone (LH) is a gonadotropin produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, and its release is triggered by pulses ofâ¦

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)MeasuredSex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein produced by the liver that binds tightly to testosterone and estradiol, keeping themâ¦

Total TestosteroneMeasuredTotal testosterone measures all testosterone circulating in the bloodâboth the small free (unbound) fraction and the larger fractions boundâ¦

Transferrin (Iron) SaturationDerivedTransferrin saturation (TSAT) expresses the percentage of transferrin iron-binding sites that are occupied by iron: TSAT (%) = (serum ironâ¦

FerritinMeasuredFerritin is the body's primary iron-storage protein, found inside cells throughout the body â mainly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrowâ¦

IronMeasuredSerum iron measures the concentration of iron currently circulating in the blood, bound to transferrin â the protein that ferries iron fromâ¦

TransferrinMeasuredTransferrin is the protein that carries iron around your blood, so it reflects how much iron-carrying room you have.

Holotranscobalamin (HoloTC)MeasuredThis measures the active, deliverable part of your vitamin B12, the fraction your cells can actually take up and use.

Vitamin DMeasured25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitamin D) is the main circulating and storage form of vitamin D and the best clinical measure of overallâ¦

Albumin-corrected CalciumDerivedApproximately 40â45% of calcium in the blood is bound to albumin and is not physiologically active.

CalciumMeasuredCalcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body â an adult holds roughly 1,000 grams of it, with 99% locked into the crystallineâ¦

PhosphorusMeasuredPhosphate is a central mineral for bone structure, energy metabolism (as a component of ATP), cell membranes, and acidâbase balance.

PotassiumMeasuredPotassium is the dominant positively charged ion (cation) inside cells â about 98% of the body's 3,500 mg of potassium is intracellular,â¦

SodiumMeasuredSodium is the dominant positively charged ion in the extracellular fluid â the blood and the fluid bathing cells â and its concentrationâ¦

Sodium/Potassium RatioDerived

Haptoglobin, serumMeasuredHaptoglobin is a liver-produced protein that binds free hemoglobin as soon as red blood cells break down, so that free hemoglobin does notâ¦

HematocritMeasuredHematocrit is the percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells â in a healthy adult, roughly 41â53% in men and 36â46% in women.

HemoglobinMeasuredHemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that fills red blood cells and does the actual work of oxygen transport â each molecule can carryâ¦

Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF), %MeasuredThe IRF is the share of the youngest, most immature reticulocytes among newly formed red blood cells.

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)MeasuredMCH measures the average weight (mass) of haemoglobin contained in a single red blood cell, expressed in picograms (pg).

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)MeasuredMCHC measures the average concentration of haemoglobin within red blood cells, expressed in g/dL.

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)MeasuredMean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of a single red blood cell in femtoliters (fL), and it's the index that letsâ¦

Mentzer IndexDerivedThe Mentzer index is calculated by dividing mean red-cell volume (MCV) by red-cell count (RBC).

RDW-SDMeasuredRDW-SD measures the spread of red-cell size (anisocytosis) as a standard deviation in femtoliters.

Red Blood Cells (RBC)MeasuredThe RBC count measures the total number of red blood cells in a set volume of blood (typically reported as millions per microlitre orâ¦

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)MeasuredRed cell distribution width (RDW) measures variation in red blood cell size â how uniform or mixed the population is.

Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He)MeasuredRet-He measures the hemoglobin content of reticulocytes â the youngest red cells, only one to two days in circulation.

ReticulocytesMeasuredReticulocytes are the youngest red blood cells that have just left the bone marrow and still contain RNA remnants.

Reticulocytes %MeasuredThe reticulocyte percentage is the share of the youngest red cells among all erythrocytes.

BasophilsMeasuredBasophils are the rarest white cells, involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Basophils (%)MeasuredBasophils are the least common circulating white blood cells, normally representing less than 1% of the WBC count, and they are mostâ¦

EosinophilsMeasuredEosinophils are white cells most active in allergic responses and defence against parasites.

Eosinophils (%)MeasuredEosinophils are white blood cells named for their striking affinity for eosin dye, which turns their granules a vivid orange-red under aâ¦

Immature GranulocytesMeasuredImmature granulocytes are precursors of neutrophil granulocytes that normally mature in the bone marrow and are barely present in blood.

Immature Granulocytes %MeasuredThis value is the share of immature granulocytes among white blood cells.

LymphocytesMeasuredLymphocytes are the white cells behind your body's learned, memory-based immunity â the defence that recognises specific viruses and otherâ¦

Lymphocytes (%)MeasuredLymphocytes are the architects of the adaptive immune system â the branch that learns from experience and mounts targeted responses toâ¦

MonocytesMeasuredMonocytes clear away debris and dead cells and help coordinate the rest of your immune response.

Monocytes (%)MeasuredMonocytes are the blood's largest circulating white blood cells, and they're best understood as precursors â they patrol the bloodstreamâ¦

NeutrophilsMeasuredNeutrophils lead your body's first response to bacterial and fungal infection.

Neutrophils (%)MeasuredNeutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in circulation â typically 50â70% of the total WBC count â and they are the immuneâ¦

White Blood Cells (WBC)MeasuredThe white blood cell count (WBC or leucocyte count) measures the total number of white blood cells per unit volume of blood, reported asâ¦

Monocytes/Lymphocytes Ratio (MLR)DerivedThe lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) is calculated by dividing the absolute lymphocyte count by the absolute monocyte count from aâ¦

Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)DerivedThe neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count by the absolute lymphocyte count from aâ¦

GGT / HDL Cholesterol RatioDerivedThis ratio relates gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) â a liver enzyme that also reflects oxidative stress â to HDL cholesterol, which hasâ¦

Uric Acid / HDL Cholesterol RatioDerivedThe uric acid/HDL ratio (UHR) connects uric acid â an end product of purine metabolism associated with oxidative stress and inflammation ââ¦

Atherogenic CoefficientDerivedThe atherogenic coefficient is calculated as (total cholesterol â HDL) / HDL and equals the ratio of all ânon-protectiveâ cholesterol (allâ¦

LDL / HDL RatioDerivedThe LDL/HDL ratio divides LDL cholesterol (the primary atherogenic, or artery-narrowing, lipoprotein fraction) by HDL cholesterol (theâ¦

LDL Cholesterol / Apolipoprotein B RatioDerivedBecause each LDL particle carries exactly one molecule of apolipoprotein B, the ratio of LDL cholesterol to ApoB estimates how muchâ¦

Neutrophils / HDL Ratio (NHR)DerivedThe NHR relates neutrophil granulocytes â key cells of the acute, non-specific immune response â to HDL cholesterol with itsâ¦

Triglyceride / Apolipoprotein B RatioDerivedThis ratio describes the average triglyceride content per ApoB particle and therefore sheds light on lipoprotein composition â howâ¦

TyGDerivedThe triglycerideâglucose index (TyG) combines fasting triglycerides and glucose in a logarithmic formula to estimate insulin resistanceâ¦

hs-CRP / HDL RatioDerivedThe ratio relates high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) â a sensitive marker of low-grade inflammation â to anti-inflammatory HDLâ¦

Glucose, estimated average (eAG)DerivedEstimated average glucose (eAG) is a mathematical conversion of the HbA1c percentage into average blood glucose units (mg/dL or mmol/L),â¦

HOMA-IRDerivedHOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) is a mathematical index calculated from a single set of fasting glucose andâ¦

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)MeasuredWhen blood sugar stays elevated over time, glucose molecules slowly and irreversibly bind to hemoglobin inside red blood cells through aâ¦

InsulinMeasuredInsulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose by enabling glucose to enter cells for energy use orâ¦

Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI)DerivedQUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) is a mathematical index calculated from fasting insulin and fasting glucose: QUICKI =â¦

Ferritin / Albumin RatioDerivedThe ratio connects ferritin â a storage marker that is also an inflammation marker (positive acute-phase protein) â with albumin, whichâ¦

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)MeasuredHigh-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a laboratory measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase protein made mainly byâ¦

hs-CRP / Albumin Ratio (CAR)DerivedThe C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) sets a positive acute-phase protein (hs-CRP, rises with inflammation) against a negative oneâ¦

Free Triiodothyronine (Free T3)MeasuredFree T3 (fT3) is the unbound, metabolically active fraction of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine â the form that exerts the mainâ¦

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)MeasuredThyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and functions as the master regulator of the thyroid â itâ¦

LH/FSH ratioDerivedThe ratio of luteinizing hormone (LH) to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) describes the balance of these two pituitary hormones thatâ¦

Estradiol (E2)MeasuredEstradiol (E2) is the most potent naturally occurring estrogen and the dominant form of estrogen in reproductive-age women, producedâ¦

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)MeasuredFollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is the pituitary gonadotropin that drives the initial stages of sex cell maturation in both sexes â inâ¦

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)MeasuredLuteinizing hormone (LH) is a gonadotropin produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, and its release is triggered by pulses ofâ¦

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)MeasuredSex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein produced by the liver that binds tightly to testosterone and estradiol, keeping themâ¦

Total TestosteroneMeasuredTotal testosterone measures all testosterone circulating in the bloodâboth the small free (unbound) fraction and the larger fractions boundâ¦

Transferrin (Iron) SaturationDerivedTransferrin saturation (TSAT) expresses the percentage of transferrin iron-binding sites that are occupied by iron: TSAT (%) = (serum ironâ¦

FerritinMeasuredFerritin is the body's primary iron-storage protein, found inside cells throughout the body â mainly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrowâ¦

IronMeasuredSerum iron measures the concentration of iron currently circulating in the blood, bound to transferrin â the protein that ferries iron fromâ¦

Vitamin DMeasured25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitamin D) is the main circulating and storage form of vitamin D and the best clinical measure of overallâ¦

Albumin-corrected CalciumDerivedApproximately 40â45% of calcium in the blood is bound to albumin and is not physiologically active.

CalciumMeasuredCalcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body â an adult holds roughly 1,000 grams of it, with 99% locked into the crystallineâ¦

PhosphorusMeasuredPhosphate is a central mineral for bone structure, energy metabolism (as a component of ATP), cell membranes, and acidâbase balance.

PotassiumMeasuredPotassium is the dominant positively charged ion (cation) inside cells â about 98% of the body's 3,500 mg of potassium is intracellular,â¦

SodiumMeasuredSodium is the dominant positively charged ion in the extracellular fluid â the blood and the fluid bathing cells â and its concentrationâ¦

Haptoglobin, serumMeasuredHaptoglobin is a liver-produced protein that binds free hemoglobin as soon as red blood cells break down, so that free hemoglobin does notâ¦

HematocritMeasuredHematocrit is the percentage of blood volume made up by red blood cells â in a healthy adult, roughly 41â53% in men and 36â46% in women.

HemoglobinMeasuredHemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that fills red blood cells and does the actual work of oxygen transport â each molecule can carryâ¦

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)MeasuredMean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of a single red blood cell in femtoliters (fL), and it's the index that letsâ¦

Red Blood Cells (RBC)MeasuredThe RBC count measures the total number of red blood cells in a set volume of blood (typically reported as millions per microlitre orâ¦

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)MeasuredRed cell distribution width (RDW) measures variation in red blood cell size â how uniform or mixed the population is.

Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He)MeasuredRet-He measures the hemoglobin content of reticulocytes â the youngest red cells, only one to two days in circulation.

Basophils (%)MeasuredBasophils are the least common circulating white blood cells, normally representing less than 1% of the WBC count, and they are mostâ¦

Eosinophils (%)MeasuredEosinophils are white blood cells named for their striking affinity for eosin dye, which turns their granules a vivid orange-red under aâ¦

LymphocytesMeasuredLymphocytes are the white cells behind your body's learned, memory-based immunity â the defence that recognises specific viruses and otherâ¦

Lymphocytes (%)MeasuredLymphocytes are the architects of the adaptive immune system â the branch that learns from experience and mounts targeted responses toâ¦

Monocytes (%)MeasuredMonocytes are the blood's largest circulating white blood cells, and they're best understood as precursors â they patrol the bloodstreamâ¦

Neutrophils (%)MeasuredNeutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in circulation â typically 50â70% of the total WBC count â and they are the immuneâ¦

White Blood Cells (WBC)MeasuredThe white blood cell count (WBC or leucocyte count) measures the total number of white blood cells per unit volume of blood, reported asâ¦

Monocytes/Lymphocytes Ratio (MLR)DerivedThe lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) is calculated by dividing the absolute lymphocyte count by the absolute monocyte count from aâ¦

Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)DerivedThe neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count by the absolute lymphocyte count from aâ¦

Platelets/Lymphocytes Ratio (PLR)DerivedThe platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is calculated by dividing the absolute platelet count by the absolute lymphocyte count from aâ¦

Systemic Immune-Inflammation IndexDerivedSII is a composite blood count index calculated as: SII = (neutrophil count Ã platelet count) Ã· lymphocyte count.

Plateletcrit (PCT)MeasuredPlateletcrit describes the volume fraction platelets occupy in whole blood â analogous to hematocrit for red cells.

PlateletsMeasuredPlatelets (thrombocytes) are tiny, anucleate cell fragments shed into the blood from large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes, andâ¦

ALT/AST RatioDerivedThe ALT/AST ratio relates the two main liver enzymes: ALT (GPT), which is relatively liver-specific, and AST (GOT), which also occurs inâ¦

APRI testDerivedAPRI (AST to Platelet Ratio Index) is calculated from AST â relative to its upper reference limit â and the platelet count.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)MeasuredAspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme present in multiple tissues â liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and red blood cells ââ¦

Bilirubin / Albumin RatioDerivedThe ratio relates bilirubin â a breakdown product of the red blood pigment that the liver processes and excretes â to albumin, the mainâ¦

GGT-to-Platelet Ratio (GPR)DerivedGPR (GGT to Platelet Ratio) combines gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) â a liver enzyme sensitive to cholestasis and oxidative stress â withâ¦

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)MeasuredGGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) is an enzyme found in several tissues, but it is most commonly measured as part of liver and bile-ductâ¦

Lactate DehydrogenaseMeasuredLactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found inside virtually every cell of the bodyâheart, liver, muscle, kidneys, red blood cells, andâ¦

Cystatin CMeasuredCystatin C is a small protein filtered by the glomerulus and reabsorbed without secretion; its blood level rises when kidney filtrationâ¦

Urea/Creatinine RatioDerivedThe urea (BUN) to creatinine ratio links two kidney-related values of different origin: urea arises in protein metabolism and is stronglyâ¦

eGFR (Creatinine)DerivedEstimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR (calculated)) is a number calculated from a blood testâmost commonly creatinine, and sometimesâ¦

eGFR (Cystatin C)DerivedThis is an estimated glomerular filtration rate derived from cystatin Câbased equations (sometimes combined with creatinine).

UreaMeasuredUrea (blood urea nitrogen reported differently by region) is a nitrogen-containing waste product from protein metabolism, cleared by theâ¦

Uric AcidMeasuredUric acid (also called serum urate) is a waste product formed when the body breaks down purines (natural chemicals from the body and fromâ¦

LipaseMeasuredLipase is a pancreatic enzyme that digests fats; serum lipase rises with acute pancreatitis and sometimes with other abdominalâ¦